SECTION 1.
The Legislature finds and declares the following:(a) The threat that persons may be subject to civil arrest while in California’s courthouses or attending judicial proceedings is a threat to the proper functioning of California’s government and to the rights enjoyed by all Californians.
(b) The United States Supreme Court has recognized that “the unhindered and untrammeled functioning of our courts is part of the very foundation of our constitutional democracy,” and that a state may therefore adopt measures necessary and appropriate to safeguarding the administration of justice by its courts. (United States v. Grace (1983) 461 U.S. 171, 178.)
(c) The United States Supreme Court has likewise acknowledged that a state has “the power to preserve the property under its control for the use to which it is lawfully dedicated,” and that “[t]here is little doubt that in some circumstances the Government may ban the entry on to public property that is not a ‘public forum’ of all persons except those who have legitimate business on the premises.” (United States v. Grace (1983) 461 U.S. 171, 178.)
(d) Accordingly, California may regulate entry and access to the courts, and activity on courthouse premises and vicinities, that threatens the fair and nondiscriminatory administration of justice or the openness of courts.
(e) Proceedings in California’s courts in both criminal and civil matters have historically been open to the public, and this presumption of openness has
been codified under the Code of Civil Procedure Section 124, which provides that, with certain exceptions, “the sittings of every court shall be public.”
(f) The United States Supreme Court has said that, “courts of justice ought everywhere to be open, accessible, free from interruption, and to cast a perfect protection around every [person] who necessarily approaches them.” (Stewart v. Ramsay (1916) 242 U.S. 128, 129.)
(g) Public access to courts serves a vital role in the functioning of California’s judicial process and the preservation of our republican form of government, which is a “government of laws”—laws for California and Californians.
(h) Public scrutiny of judicial proceedings allows the public to observe the functioning of their government and determine whether justice is meted out fairly.
(i) Access fosters an appearance of fairness, promoting public confidence in, and respect for, the judicial process.
(j) Providing this transparency also serves as a critical check on the use and abuse of judicial power—a check that is essential to our structure of self-government.
(k) Public access to California’s courts also enhances the truth-finding function of judicial proceedings, safeguarding their integrity.
(l) Accordingly, protecting persons from civil arrest while in California’s courthouses or attending judicial proceedings is necessary to preserve the vital role served by public access to courts.
(m) Protecting persons from civil arrest while in California’s courthouses or
attending judicial proceedings is also necessary to ensure that litigants, witnesses, and others are not deterred from participating in such proceedings which are often necessary to protect and vindicate rights guaranteed by the laws of California; that courts and parties have access to testimony and other evidence critical to factfinding; and that the dignity of judicial proceedings is upheld and not disturbed or diminished, all of which ensures California courts’ ability to administer justice.
(n) Protecting persons from civil arrest while in California’s courthouses or attending judicial proceedings is also necessary to preserve the individual rights of all Californians.
(o) Access to courts is part of the right to free speech enshrined in the California and United States constitutions, because access to government ensures that Californians’ constitutionally protected right to
discuss the government is the right to engage in informed discussion.
(p) Access, being vital, should be universal insofar as possible, to protect Californians’ rights to equal protection of the laws—and California’s right to benefit from the informed views of all.
(q) Access is necessary to preserve the right to petition government for redress, and to preserve numerous trial rights of individuals, including the right to be present, to present claims and defenses, to testify at trial, to call witnesses, to compulsory process, and of course to have a public trial.
(r) Civil arrests of persons in California’s courthouses
or attending judicial proceedings threatens all of the foregoing public and private values of public access as well as the core functions of California courts, and must be considered unreasonable and unlawful seizures whether undertaken by local, state, or federal officers.
(s) The provisions of this act are thus necessary to protect and preserve the integrity of the proceedings of the judicial branch of California government.
(t) Courts being essential to a republican form of government and to the functioning of California’s government, California has the reserved power under the Tenth Amendment to protect their proceedings, as well as the obligation under the United States Constitution to preserve California’s republican form of government.
(u) A person who is arrested or detained in violation of this act may, like
any other person unlawfully arrested or detained, seek a writ of habeas corpus.