Universality or Fighting Over Scraps

Why should rich people get pandemic survival checks? Why shouldn’t descendants of enslaved people get reparations payments? Why should someone who doesn’t go to college pay taxes to make college free? Why should smokers get health coverage? Why should someone get out of their student debt when I didn’t?

I don’t claim to have a universal answer to all such questions. There are some questions that I would certainly answer differently if they stood alone. If the rotten U.S. political system were condemned to remain unchanged except in one single regard, then, sure, I’d vote for slavery reparations. By the same token, I’d vote for term limits just to get different corrupt faces into the news, rather than working to make it possible to unelect incumbents.

But I think that there is a consideration being missed by all of these questions, and that it is an extremely important one that usually ought to tip the balance. It is the value of universality. It’s not a theoretical value. It’s what makes Scandinavia a desirable place to live. It’s what makes Social Security and public high schools so popular. It’s why people campaign for Medicare for All, not Medicare for the Worthy. It’s why we’re outraged at the idea of a fire crew asking to see paperwork and check qualifications before putting out a fire.

Universality does a number of things that means-tested programs for certain people do not.

It creates no stigma for those receiving something. That something is not a hand-out but a human right.

It creates no resentment for those not receiving something, because there is no such group. Every service is made available to everyone it might possibly serve should they desire it.

It avoids the costly and massive bureaucratic inefficiency of determining who qualifies and who doesn’t.

It builds solidarity, and encourages a politics in which larger groups can unite to make further changes.

It discourages, not just resentment of actual beneficiaries, but also irrational prejudice against particular groups benefitting or imagined to be benefitting disproportionately.

It strengthens support for maintaining a program into the future, rather than opening up the means to chip away at it until it’s gone.

Universality works against the ideology that justifies inequality, opening up the possibility of taxing corporate and personal wealth. There’s no way to resent giving relatively tiny benefits to billionaires if you’ve taxed away their billions and there are no longer any billionaires. (And did you really think giving a billionaire $600 was going to have a noticeable impact on things?)

If the U.S. government were to give everyone who wants them, across the board, any or all of these things: top quality education from pre-school through college or trade school, top-quality health care, low working hours, long vacations, family and parental leave, retirement, public transportation, childcare, adult education, greater environmental sustainability, and — if Scandinavia is any guide — as a result, a wider range of opportunity, greater class mobility, more entrepreneurs per capita, more patents, and more creativity, who would complain? Whom would I possibly resent? What group of people could some fascist buffoon get me to take out my rage on? For that matter, what foreign leader could an opposing political party redirect my anger toward? What anger? What would there be to be angry about?

As Robert McChesney notes, universality “is the reason the two most popular and successful federal government programs in the United States—Social Security and Medicare—have been impossible for the right to defeat, even though they have been trying to do so since the moment those programs were created in the 1930s and 1960s respectively.”

McChesney also has a theory as to why there aren’t more such popular programs:

“It is standard procedure for most Democratic candidates to support Bernie style social programs in theory—or at least some of them—but then to insert the caveat that ‘of course, rich people or even people above the poverty line should not get them for free because they can afford to pay for them out of their own pockets.’ It sounds very fair and progressive, a blow against crony capitalism and directing government money to the undeserving rich. It is a staple line regarding the student debt plan of Elizabeth Warren, for example, and is roundly approved by the punditocracy. It is the mark of a ‘serious’ candidate. It is called ‘means testing.’ But means testing is a phony progressivism and a crucial tactic promoted by the right to eliminate social welfare programs that could benefit the population. . . . [A]s soon as means-testing is accepted on principle and introduced for a program, it begs the logical question of why not extend it to other similar social programs? So if means testing free public college tuition is such a great idea, then why not have well-to-do parents pay tuition for their children in public high schools and middle schools and elementary schools? Why not bill only the rich when they drive on any public roads or use public libraries or parks or restrooms? Why not charge them for using the police or fire departments? Where exactly do you draw the line? That is a slippery slope toward privatization and elimination of government functions.”

As noted above, there is an alternative to eliminating government functions, namely eliminating the rich through taxation and the abandonment of government bailouts and benefits that discriminate against everyone except the rich. Taxation should not be universal, should not be “flat,” and should not be regressive as it mostly is now in the United States. It should be progressive. But it should be used to create universal programs — which would be easier without the majority of tax revenue going, as it does now, to wars and war preparations.

Wars aren’t the only thing it’s damn hard to end once started. Universal programs are like that too. Making college part of public education, or making Medicare serve us all would be an accomplishment that would likely last as long as the U.S. government. If Joe Biden wants to be FDR or LBJ (minus the wars please!) he should create something universal and lasting. It would be lasting because it could not be attacked as supposedly only benefitting a certain hated group. Nor could it be attacked as inefficient and in need of privatization. It’s the means-testing bureaucracy that’s inefficient. It’s the privatization solution that’s even more inefficient. There’s nothing more efficient than nonprofit universality.

So, why should rich people get pandemic survival checks? Because there are more downsides to means-testing than upsides, because the answer to excessive inequality is to replace regressive taxation with progressive taxes, because who counts as a rich person is going to be defined by the rich people, and because we can’t all be in this together or have the huge advantages of all being in this together unless we’re all in this together.

Why shouldn’t descendants of enslaved people get reparations payments? Because they could get vastly more, and so could everyone else in a non-zero-sum calculation, by transforming U.S. society into a fair and egalitarian place (aiding all in need and taking from all who can spare) rather than courting nasty fascist blowback, building corrupt bureaucracy, and dividing us into a divided people who can be conquered easily.

Why should someone who doesn’t go to college pay taxes to make college free for others? Because those others pay taxes to make trade school free. Because they teach your kids or at least the young people who will care for you when you are old. Because we are stronger together than apart.

Why should smokers get health coverage? Because human rights are for humans, the human without a flaw does not exist, and a government agency to identify all smokers is not something I want to pay for or live with.

Why should someone get out of their student debt when I didn’t? Because I’m not sadistic. I do not wish for others to suffer if I’ve suffered, but rather, just the reverse.

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3 thoughts on “Universality or Fighting Over Scraps”

  1. David, this essay has shocked me and disappointed me. I have admired you and supported you on a modest scale for many years because of your idealism to end all wars forever. In this essay, however, you have succumbed to the clamor of those who hate the rich and want to expropriate them. Who are those “undeserving rich”? For that matter, how do you define “deserving”? How do you define “rich”?

    This paragraph, however, is the most shocking:

    “Why shouldn’t descendants of enslaved people get reparations payments? Because they could get vastly more, and so could everyone else in a non-zero-sum calculation, by transforming U.S. society into a fair and egalitarian place (aiding all in need and taking from all who can spare) rather than courting nasty fascist blowback, building corrupt bureaucracy, and dividing us into a divided people who can be conquered easily.”
    That is the Communist manifesto, straight out of Marx. I don’t mind the aiding part so much, as people do voluntarily provide charity. But that “taking from all” is a form of theft and slavery by force. Who can spare? How much should they spare? Who gets to decide how much of the earned property the earner is allowed to keep, with the rest taken from them by force? (And force is war.) Who defines what “need” is? Have you thought this through? How long do you think people will work hard to earn more than they need for their own survival so that there will be something extra left over for others to take? This concept of “Universality” is a license for cannibalism and predation against those who are deluded into unresisting acceptance of becoming prey. And at what point will these subjugated begin to fight back, to reassert their own inalienable rights?
    With more and more people setting themselves up as arbiters and bureaucrats in the government to administer all the “taking” programs, who will be left willing to do real work to feed and support the ever-growing number of non-productive people, who are nevertheless deluded into thinking that exploiting their fellow humans by force is worthwhile work? Bureaucracy always ends up corrupted. Power corrupts when the concepts of “deserving” and “entitled” become corrupted, when respect for others is wiped out by envy that eliminates any concept of individual merit.
    I cannot continue to support your efforts along these lines. You say that you want to end all wars, and here you are endorsing the worst war of them all, enslaving the hard-working producers in a society by denying that they deserve the fruits of their own labors. This is a war of the predatory against their own fellow humans. How does that make us “all together” when coveting and exploitation are considered legitimate?
    If you want to talk about “deserving” and “undeserving”, where are the ground rules? If wanting what others have is grounds for taking it, then how does that translate into deservingness or equality? If all who “want” are entitled, whereas the original owners are not entitled, how can you view that as social justice? If you truly believe this Marxist ideology, I am very disappointed in you. That is not where you started out. How did you arrive at this stage?
    I won’t be able to support this direction of your work in good conscience, even though you won’t miss my tiny monthly donations. I am deeply saddened to have to leave you. There are few with your eloquence and dedication when you work for peace. Marxism has never produced peace, only hatred and millions of dead. I urge you fervently to rethink this direction of your efforts. Until then, please also remove my logo (“gamepuzzles”) from your sponsors’ list.
    — Kate Jones

  2. Hi David,

    Just wanted to weigh in on a quote, which I agree with and would like to comment on. You wrote:

    “Why should smokers get health coverage? Because human rights are for humans, the human without a flaw does not exist, and a government agency to identify all smokers is not something I want to pay for or live with.”

    As for me, I smoke (not an easy habit to justify for anyone much less a middle-aged fella like myself). In an attempt to explain, nearly 80% of persons with schizophrenia across cultures smoke (please see: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274516/ and https://www.brainfacts.org/archives/2008/smoking-and-schizophrenia). Maybe this fact sheds a little light on the struggles some smokers go through. Most smokers are not evil or stupid, we’re simply addicted to a very powerful substance that slowly destroys us.

    Anyways, by the person’s comment above, I’d say you’re the latest victim of ‘cancel culture.’ Personally, I don’t have to agree with everything you say to support your work. Peace.

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